Introduction
To review, cancer occurs when cells start to grow uncontrollably (sometimes, forming a mass or tumor).
A note about nomenclature: Gene symbols will be italicized throughout this module; however, because a gene symbol may be confused with the same or similar abbreviation for a molecule, product, or other condition, only the reference to the actual gene is italicized.
Cancer cells are characterized by:
- the gain of cumulative genetic mutations, and
- the resultant loss of regulated cellular function.
Genetic mutations typically involve germline mutations and acquired mutations with the former pertaining to pathogenic variants inherited from one’s parents and the latter stemming from environmental factors including exposure to carcinogens, UV radiation, or radon gas, as well as risk associated with lifestyle factors such as tobacco smoking and obesity.
