Non-Coding RNA Types

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The page below is a sample from the LabCE course Epigenetics: Diagnostic Methods in the Clinical Laboratory. Access the complete course and earn ASCLS P.A.C.E.-approved continuing education credits by subscribing online.

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Non-Coding RNA Types

Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is transcribed and processed but not translated. They are classified by size:
  • Small ncRNA, including micro RNA (miRNA) and short (small) interfering RNA (siRNA):
    • Small ncRNA interacts with mRNA to affect translation.
    • MicroRNA (miRNA) silences specific genes by hybridizing to the 3' end of the mRNA and preventing protein synthesis.
    • Short (small) interfering RNA (siRNA) silences specific genes by promoting the degradation of the mRNA target.
  • Long ncRNA (lncRNA) interacts with histones and DNA to affect transcription.
Note: PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are another type of small non-coding RNA. They are the least characterized of the three groups. The piRNAs have been detected in germline cells and are important in germline development.21
21. Gomes, Anita Quintal, Sofia Nolasco, and Helena Soares. "Non-Coding RNAs: Multi-Tasking Molecules in the Cell." International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2013, 14, no. 8: 16010-16039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140816010.