References

Bronze MS. Filariasis: Practice essentials, background, pathophysiology. Updated February 2, 2023. Accessed April 5, 2023. Medscape eMedicine. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/217776-overview

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Dirofilariasis. Web page accessed April 27, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dirofilariasis/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Frequently asked questions: What is lymphatic filariasis? CDC Website. Reviewed 2020. Accessed April 5, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/gen_info/faqs.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Parasites: Lymphatic filariasis. CDC website. Created 2018. Accessed April 5, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/index.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) DPDx. Lymphatic filariasis. DPDx website. Last reviewed 2019. Accessed April 5, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/lymphaticfilariasis/index.html

Chagas CRF, Binkiene R, Ilgunas M, Iezhova T, Valkiunas G. The buffy coat method: a tool for detection of blood parasites without staining procedures. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):104. Published 2020 Feb 27. doi:10.1186/s13071-020-3984-8

Heymann DL. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 21st ed. APHA Press. 2022.

Leber AL, ed. Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. 4th ed. ASM Press; 2016:Parasitology, Section 9.8.

Mathison BA, Couturier MR, Pritt BS. Diagnostic identification and differentiation of microfilariae. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(10):e00706-19. Published 2019 Sep 24. doi:10.1128/JCM.00706-19

Otsuji Y. History, epidemiology and control of filariasis. Trop Med Health. 2011;39(1 Suppl 2):3-13. doi:10.2149/tmh.39-1-suppl_2-3

Parikh R, Vaswani L. The night traveler - Microfilaria in peripheral blood smear. August 7, 2018. American Association of Hematology. Accessed April 5, 2023. https://imagebank.hematology.org/image/61797/the-night-traveller-microfilaria-in-peripheral-blood-smear

Rohini Dhanya CS, Jayaprakash HT. Microfilariae, a common parasite in an unusual site: A case report with literature review. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. JCDR. 2016;10(4), ED08. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/16042.7563 Accessed April 5, 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27190816/

Sharma V, Sharan R, Kumar S. The night wanderer: Microfilaria in peripheral blood smear. Indian Pediatr Case Rep 2021;1:136. Accessed April 5, 2023. https://www.ipcares.org/article.asp?issn=2772-5170;year=2021;volume=1;issue=2;spage=136;epage=136;aulast=Sharma

Showler A, Nutman T. Filarial nematodes. In: Carroll KC, Pfaller MA, Landry ML, McAdam AJ, Patel R, Richter SS, Warnock DW, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 12th ed. ASM Press; 2019, updated 2022. doi:10.1128/9781683670438.MCM.ch147

The Carter Center. River blindness elimination program. Reviewed 2023. Accessed April 5, 2023. https://www.cartercenter.org/health/river_blindness/index.html

Tille PM, ed. Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology. 15th ed. Elsevier Mosby: 2022: Part IV: Parasitology; Ch. 52: Blood and tissue filarial nematodes.

World Health Organization (WHO). Bench aids for the diagnosis of filarial infections. WHO.int publications. December 11, 1997. Accessed April 5, 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241544899

World Health Organization (WHO). Lymphatic filariasis. WHO website. Created March 2022. Accessed April 5. 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lymphatic-filariasis

World Health Organization (WHO). Onchocerciasis. WHO website. Created January 11, 2022. Accessed April 5. 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/onchocerciasis