The biomarkers listed in the table below are being studied as potential biomarkers for PE. However, in all cases, more clinical studies are needed to determine their suitability as biomarkers for PE.
Biomarker | Characteristics and Function | Circulating Levels (blood, serum/plasma) in PE | Comments: Clinical Significance/Use |
P-selectin | A cell surface molecule expressed by platelets and endothelial cells. Plays roles in inflammation and coagulation. | Increased | PE is associated with extensive platelet activation. Higher levels of P-Selectin are seen in serum from PE patients. |
ADAM-12 | A membrane-bound protease. May be associated with fertilization. | Decreased | Decreased serum levels in PE.
|
PP-13 | A protein found in the placenta. May be involved in vascular remodeling and placental implantation. | Decreased | In PE, levels are low in first trimester but normal later. May be suitable marker for preterm PE but not suitable for severe or mild PE.
|
PAPP-A | A glycoprotein released by placenta and uterus. May play a role in controlling placental formation and implantation by binding to IGF, which may lead to abnormal fetus development. | Decreased | Women with PE have lower serum levels during 1st and 2nd trimesters.
|
Insulin resistance: SHBG and adiponectin | Ineffective utilization of insulin leading to hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a risk factor for PE. SHBG is a glycoprotein inversely related to insulin levels. Adiponectin is a cytokine involved in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. | Decreased SHBG Decreased adiponectin | Decreased circulating levels of SHBG and adiponectin may suggest insulin resistance and may play a role in development of PE. |
Inhibin-A and Activin-A | Glycoproteins involved in FSH secretions by the anterior pituitary. In pregnancy, both compounds are released by fetus and placenta. | Increased | Both compounds have increased circulating levels in women with severe PE.
|
Leptin | A peptide hormone that can be produced by the placenta. Called the anti-obesity hormone. Plays a role in controlling glucose metabolism and increasing insulin sensitivity. | Increased | Circulating levels tend to increase in complicated pregnancies including PE.
|