The development of less toxic conditioning treatments, prevention of GVHD, and effective infection control measures have resulted in many transplant patients surviving a fatal disease and having an improved quality of life. For those patients who survive two years after transplantation, the risk of dying is still significantly higher than for ordinary individuals of the same age group. The most common causes of death in this group of patients are recurrent malignancy, secondary malignancy, infection, chronic graft versus host disease, and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. A listing of these conditions and their most likely causes is shown in the table.
Table 6. Long-term Complications After HSC Transplantation.| Disease/Condition | Pathology |
| Cardiovascular disease | Ionizing radiation, hypothyroidism, steroid therapy, growth hormone deficiency |
| Secondary malignancy | Ionizing radiation, pre-transfusion chemotherapy |
| Pulmonary disease | Injury to small airways and bronchioles as a result of chronic GVHD |
| Infection | Failure of T and B cell systems in transplant immunosuppression of chronic GVHD |
| Bone mineral loss | Steroid therapy, hypogonadism, chronic GVHD |
| Ocular GVHD | Ionizing radiation, methotrexate |
| Endocrine disorders* | Steroid therapy, ionizing radiation |
| Chronic kidney disease | Ionizing radiation, steroid therapy, chronic GVHD |
| Esophageal and swallowing problems | Steroid therapy, chronic GVHD |
| Anorexia, nausea, vomiting | Infections, chronic GVHD |
| Diarrhea and abdominal pain | Infections, chronic GVHD |
| Liver disease | Infection, GVHD, iron overload, recurrent malignancy |
| Biliary tract disease | Steroid therapy, GVHD, iron overload |
| Iron overload | Red Cell Transfusions |
| Psychological issues | Post-traumatic stress, fear of relapse, chronic GVHD |
| Cognitive decline | Ionizing radiation, inflammatory cytokines (tissue necrosis factor) |
*Endocrine disorders may include, but are not limited to, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, thyroid disease, adrenal insufficiency, and pituitary dysfunction.
Early detection of complications that occur after transplantation is essential for the long-term survival and quality of life of HSC transplant patients. Laboratory professionals play a key role as members of the transplant team. All departments of the clinical laboratory help in the management of HSC patients. Whether it is hematology, blood bank, microbiology, clinical chemistry, immunology, or anatomic pathology, the laboratory professionals working in these areas provide essential information that saves lives.
