In the 18th century, bacterial nomenclature was proposed by Carl Linnaeus using genus and species (two names, or binomial) to name microorganisms. Names were initially derived from the visual characteristics of the organisms or the names of the individuals who first discovered them. Phenotypic characteristics and distinguishing features were included in the published (first) edition of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, published in 1923.1
Recent genetic and molecular testing methodologies have moved the naming system toward genotypic, rather than phenotypic classification. Munson has stated, "Due to the increased widespread use of molecular diagnostics, genome sequencing, and microbiome analysis in microbiology, the field has experienced a massive influx of novel taxa and nomenclature revisions."2
In addition, the increased use of MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry) application to the analysis of biomolecules (i.e., DNA, protein peptides, and carbohydrates) has helped spur the reclassification of microorganisms.
A small number of the many changes occurring each year apply directly to the medical microbiology laboratory. Challenges are bound to occur while assimilating these changes into daily operations.
1. Bergey, D. H. & Holt, J.G. (1994). Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology (9th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Company
2. Munson, E. (2020, July 15). Moving targets of Bacterial Taxonomy Revision: What are they and why should we care? Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 42(14):111–120. https://epublications.marquette.edu/clinical_lab_fac/57/
